{"id":65,"date":"2021-11-20T22:18:14","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T19:18:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.celikhukukburosu.com.tr\/?p=65"},"modified":"2021-11-20T22:19:02","modified_gmt":"2021-11-20T19:19:02","slug":"65","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.celikhukukburosu.com.tr\/?p=65","title":{"rendered":"Bitirme Tezi"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]T.C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

GALATASARAY \u00dcN\u0130VERS\u0130TES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

SOSYAL B\u0130L\u0130MLER ENST\u0130T\u00dcS\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n

EKONOM\u0130 HUKUKU \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 \u00d6\u011eRET\u0130M<\/strong><\/p>\n

TEZS\u0130Z Y\u00dcKSEK L\u0130SANS PROGRAMI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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6102 SAYILI<\/strong> T\u00dcRK T\u0130CARET KANUNU\u2019NDA ANON\u0130M \u015e\u0130RKETLER\u0130N ESAS S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMES\u0130NDEK\u0130 BA\u011eLAM KURALI \u0130LE SINIRLI OLARAK H\u0130SSE DEVR\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Y\u00dcKSEK L\u0130SANS D\u00d6NEM PROJES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Aylin Canset \u00c7EL\u0130K<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Proje Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131: Prof. Dr. Necmi Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

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MAYIS 2017<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/a>\u00d6NS\u00d6Z<\/strong><\/h1>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ticari hayat\u0131n bir gere\u011fi olarak \u015firketler hukuku uygulamas\u0131nda en s\u0131k yap\u0131lan i\u015flemlerden birisi de, anonim \u015firketlerde hisse devridir. S\u00f6z konusu devirlerde, hisse sahipleri aras\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u015fartlar\u0131n yerine getirildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi hakim ise de, \u00e7o\u011fu kez gerekli hukuk\u00ee prosed\u00fcre yeterince \u00f6nem verilmemekte oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Nitekim t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re hisse devirleri, 6102 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu’nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olsa da, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli hukuksal sorunlara neden olabilecek i\u015flemlerdir.<\/p>\n

Anonim \u015firketlerde, pay\u0131n senede ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olup olmamas\u0131na g\u00f6re, senede ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015fsa hisse t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re devirlerin nas\u0131l yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hususlar\u0131, bunlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve konu ile ilgisi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm di\u011fer konular bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada arz ve izaha kavu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup proje \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamda\u00a0planlanmas\u0131nda, ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde ve olu\u015fumunda ilgi ve deste\u011fini esirgemeyen, engin bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbelerinden yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131m, y\u00f6nlendirme ve bilgilendirmeleriyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131 bilimsel temeller \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fekillendiren say\u0131n hocam Yard. Do\u00e7. Dr. H. Ali Dural\u2019a bug\u00fcnlere gelmemi sa\u011flayan ve bana daima destek veren aileme te\u015fekk\u00fcr\u00fc bor\u00e7 bilirim.<\/p>\n

Aylin Canset \u00c7elik<\/p>\n

8 May\u0131s 2017<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

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<\/a>\u0130\u00c7\u0130NDEK\u0130LER<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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\u00d6NS\u00d6Z…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. i<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00c7\u0130NDEK\u0130LER………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii<\/p>\n

KISALTMALAR…………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv<\/p>\n

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………… v<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vi<\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1<\/p>\n

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B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 B\u00d6L\u00dcM<\/p>\n

YEN\u0130 T\u00dcRK T\u0130CARET KANUNU\u2019NA G\u00d6RE ANON\u0130M \u015e\u0130RKETLER<\/p>\n

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1.1. \u015eirket Kavram\u0131<\/strong>…………………………………………………………………………………… 2<\/p>\n

1.2. Anonim \u015eirket Kavram\u0131<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………… 3<\/p>\n

1.3. Anonim \u015eirketin Temel \u0130lkeleri<\/strong>…………………………………………………………… 4<\/p>\n

1.4. Anonim \u015eirketlerin Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/strong>…………………………………………………….. 7<\/p>\n

1.5. Anonim \u015eirketlerin S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong>…………………………………………………… 9<\/p>\n

1.6. Anonim \u015eirketlerin Elemanlar\u0131 ve \u00d6zellikleri<\/strong>……………………………………. 10<\/p>\n

1.7. Anonim \u015eirketlerde Kurulu\u015f<\/strong>……………………………………………………………… 12<\/p>\n

1.7.1. Kurulu\u015fa \u0130li\u015fkin Belgeler ve Kurucular<\/strong>……………………………………….. 12<\/p>\n

1.7.2. Taahh\u00fct<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………………………… 17<\/p>\n

1.7.3. Ayni Sermaye Pay Bedelleri ve Primli Paylar<\/strong>………………………………. 18<\/p>\n

1.7.4. Kurucu Menfaatleri ve Halka Arz<\/strong>………………………………………………. 20<\/p>\n

1.8. Anonim \u015eirketlerinin Organlar\u0131<\/strong>………………………………………………………… 22<\/p>\n

1.8.1. Y\u00f6netim Kurulu<\/strong>…………………………………………………………………………. 22<\/p>\n

1.8.2. Genel Kurul<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………………….. 23<\/p>\n

1.9. Anonim \u015eirketlerde Sona Erme ve Tasfiye<\/strong>…………………………………………. 25<\/p>\n

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\u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 B\u00d6L\u00dcM<\/p>\n

YEN\u0130 T\u00dcRK T\u0130CARET KANUNU\u2019NA G\u00d6RE H\u0130SSE VE H\u0130SSE SENETLER\u0130N\u0130N DEVR\u0130<\/p>\n

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2.1. Hisse Kavram\u0131<\/strong>………………………………………………………………………………….. 27<\/p>\n

2.1.1. Hissenin \u00c7e\u015fitli Anlamlar\u0131<\/strong>…………………………………………………………… 27<\/p>\n

2.1.2. \u00c7\u0131plak Hisse<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………………….. 31<\/p>\n

2.2. Hisse Senedi Kavram\u0131<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………….. 31<\/p>\n

2.2.1. Hissenin Senede Ba\u011flanmas\u0131<\/strong>……………………………………………………….. 32<\/p>\n

2.2.2. Hisse Senedinin \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong>……………………………………………………….. 33<\/p>\n

2.2.3. Hisse Senedinin \u0130\u015flevi<\/strong>………………………………………………………………….. 34<\/p>\n

2.2.4. Hisse Senedinin T\u00fcrleri<\/strong>………………………………………………………………. 35<\/p>\n

2.2.4.1. Hamiline ve Nam\u2019a Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hisse Senedi<\/strong>…………………………………. 35<\/p>\n

2.2.4.2. Adi ve \u0130mtiyazl\u0131 Hisse Senedi<\/strong>………………………………………………… 35<\/p>\n

2.2.4.3. Kurucu ve \u0130ntifa Hisse Senedi<\/strong>……………………………………………….. 36<\/p>\n

2.2.5. Hisse Senedinin \u015eekli<\/strong>………………………………………………………………….. 37<\/p>\n

2.3. Pay Defteri<\/strong>……………………………………………………………………………………….. 38<\/p>\n

2.4. Hisse Sahipli\u011finin Kazan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong>………………………………………………………….. 39<\/p>\n

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\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcNC\u00dc B\u00d6L\u00dcM<\/p>\n

ESAS S\u00d6ZLE\u015eME \u0130LE GET\u0130R\u0130LEN SINIRLAMALAR<\/p>\n

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3.1. Genel Olarak<\/strong>…………………………………………………………………………………….. 40<\/p>\n

3.2. Hisse Devri S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131n Amac\u0131<\/strong>………………………………………………….. 40<\/p>\n

3.3. Hisse Devrinin Yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Haller<\/strong>……………………………. 41<\/p>\n

3.3.1. Kanuni Ba\u011flam<\/strong>…………………………………………………………………………… 41<\/p>\n

3.3.2. Esas S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/strong>…………………………………………………………. 44<\/p>\n

3.3.2.1. Hisse Devri S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131<\/strong>……………………………………………………… 44<\/p>\n

3.3.2.2. Borsaya Kote Edilmemi\u015f Nama Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hisse Devri<\/strong>………………… 45<\/p>\n

3.3.2.3. Borsaya Kote Edilmi\u015f Nama Yaz\u0131l\u0131 Hisse Devri<\/strong>……………………… 47<\/p>\n

3.4. Hisse Devri S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Emredici H\u00fck\u00fcmler<\/strong>……………………. 49<\/p>\n

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SONU\u00c7…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50<\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZGE\u00c7M\u0130\u015e……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54<\/p>\n

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<\/a>KISALTMALAR<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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A.g.e.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Ad\u0131 Ge\u00e7en Eser<\/p>\n

e.t.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Eri\u015fim Tarihi<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. : F\u0131kra<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    HMK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu<\/p>\n

    mad.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : Madde<\/p>\n

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    1. : Sayfa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      TL\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131<\/p>\n

      TTK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 : 6102 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu<\/p>\n

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      University\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Galatasaray University<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Institute<\/strong><\/td>\n: Institute of Social Sciences<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Department\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Economic Law<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Program\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Master’s Degree Without Thesis<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Thesis Supervisor:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Prof. Dr. Necmi Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Thesis Type and Date<\/strong><\/td>\n: Term Project – May 2017<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      <\/a>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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      TRANSFER OF SHARES LIMITED WITH THE CONTEXT RULE IN THE ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES IN THE NEW TURKISH COMMERCIAL LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Aylin Canset \u00c7EL\u0130K<\/strong><\/p>\n

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      One of the issues that are regulated by means of most radical changes in the new Turkish Commercial Law is joint stock companies. In the case of joint stock companies, significant changes have been made regarding the restrictions on the transfer of shares. In the new Turkish Commercial Law, the basic principles related to this issue have been regulated in Articles 490 and 492; and in Articles 493 and 498, the shares are classified according to the quotation status on the stock exchange and explained in detail. The purpose of this study is to examine the limitations on the transfer of shares in the articles of association of the joint stock companies in the New Turkish Commercial Law and to examine these limitations within the framework of context rule. Within this scope, this study is divided into three parts and Joint Stock Company, stock concept and imposed restrictions according to the New Turkish Commercial Law are included. Intended for the old Turkish Commercial Law, regulations of the new Turkish Commercial Law have been dealt with.<\/p>\n

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      Keywords: <\/strong>Joint Stock Company, <\/strong>Transfer of Share, <\/strong>Share Transfer Restrictions, New Turkish Commercial Law<\/p>\n

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      \u00dcniversite\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Enstit\u00fc<\/strong><\/td>\n: Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Program\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Tezsiz Y\u00fcksek Lisans<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Tez Dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/td>\n: Prof. Dr. Necmi Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Tez T\u00fcr\u00fc ve Tarihi<\/strong><\/td>\n: D\u00f6nem Projesi \u2013 May\u0131s 2017<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n

      <\/a>\u00d6ZET<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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      YEN\u0130 T\u00dcRK T\u0130CARET KANUNU\u2019NDA ANON\u0130M \u015e\u0130RKETLER\u0130N ESAS S\u00d6ZLE\u015eMES\u0130NDEK\u0130 BA\u011eLAM KURALI \u0130LE SINIRLI OLARAK H\u0130SSE DEVR\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

      <\/a>Aylin Canset \u00c7EL\u0130K<\/strong><\/h1>\n

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      TTK\u2019nda en k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle d\u00fczenlenen konulardan biri de anonim \u015firketlerdir. Anonim \u015firketler kapsam\u0131nda ise hisse devir s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getirilmi\u015ftir. TTK\u2019nda 490 ve 492. maddelerde konuya ili\u015fkin temel ilkeler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f; 493 ile 498. maddelerde ise hisse senetleri borsaya kote edilme durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re tasnif edilmi\u015f ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 da, TTK\u2019nda anonim \u015firketlerin hisse devrinde esas s\u00f6zle\u015fmesindeki s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 ve bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 ba\u011flam kural\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde incelemektir. Bu kapsamda \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131larak tamamlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, TTK\u2019na g\u00f6re anonim \u015firket ile hisse kavram\u0131 ve esas s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara yer verilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fclga 6762 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019na y\u00f6nelik olarak da TTK d\u00fczenlemeleri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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      Anahtar Kelimeler: <\/strong>Anonim \u015eirketler, <\/strong>Hisse Devri, <\/strong>Pay Devir K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, Yeni T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      <\/a>G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/h1>\n

      Bir\u00e7ok yeni d\u00fczenleme getiren TTK\u2019nda en \u00f6nemli yeniliklerden birisi de hisse devrine getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalard\u0131r. TTK\u2019nda 491. maddede d\u00fczenlenen kanuni ba\u011flam, \u0130svi\u00e7re Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 685. maddesinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeniliklerle hisse devrinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin yeni bir i\u015fleyi\u015f getirilmi\u015ftir. TTK\u2019nda hisse devri k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel ilkeler 490 ve 492. maddelerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan 493. ve 498. maddelerde hisse senetleri, borsaya kote edilme durumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re tasnif edilerek detayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 da, anonim \u015firketlerde hisse devrinde esas s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki ba\u011flam kural\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131larak incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, TTK\u2019na g\u00f6re anonim \u015firketler ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada \u015firketin tan\u0131m\u0131, anonim \u015firketin tan\u0131m\u0131, temel ilkeleri, tarihi geli\u015fimi, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan anonim \u015firketlerin elemanlar\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anonim \u015firketlerin kurulu\u015fu, organlar\u0131, sona ermesi ve tasfiyesi de bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yer verilen konulard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, TTK\u2019na g\u00f6re hisse kavram\u0131 ve hisse senetlerinin devri konusuna ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle hisse kavram\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f; ard\u0131ndan hissenin senede ba\u011flanmas\u0131, hisse senedinin tan\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015fleyi\u015fi, t\u00fcrleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada pay defteri ile hisse sahipli\u011finin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 konular\u0131na da yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

      \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temel amac\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan; esas s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlar\u0131n ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Burada esas s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar hakk\u0131nda genel bilgi verilmi\u015f; ard\u0131ndan bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n amac\u0131, yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 haller a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hisse devri s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin dolan\u0131lmas\u0131 da bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yer verilen konulardan biridir.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      <\/a><\/a>B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 B\u00d6L\u00dcM<\/strong><\/h1>\n

      <\/a><\/a>6102 SAYILI<\/strong> T\u00dcRK T\u0130CARET KANUNU\u2019NA G\u00d6RE ANON\u0130M \u015e\u0130RKETLER<\/strong><\/h1>\n

      <\/a>1.1. \u015eirket Kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      S\u00f6zc\u00fck itibariyle birle\u015fme anlam\u0131na gelen \u015firket, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan da, mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, emeklerin ve becerilerin birle\u015fmesidir. Ticaretin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan beri insanlar, yaln\u0131zca kendi malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, emek ve becerilerinin bundan sonra yeterli olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etmi\u015flerdir. Bu sebeple ticaret hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka ki\u015filere gereksinim duymu\u015flard\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu ba\u011flamda \u015firketin tan\u0131m\u0131, ki\u015filerin bir \u00e7\u0131kar yahut k\u00e2r elde edebilmek amac\u0131yla mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, emeklerini\u00a0 ve becerilerini birle\u015ftirmeleri \u015feklinde yap\u0131labilir.[1]<\/a> Bir di\u011fer tan\u0131ma g\u00f6re \u015firket, insanlar\u0131n belirli iktisadi ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmek \u00fczere bir araya gelerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve servetlerini, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle birle\u015ftirmeleri ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir ki\u015filiktir.[2]<\/a> \u00a0Sahip olunan sermayenin yaln\u0131zca bir ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmeler, tek ki\u015fi i\u015fletmesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fakat sermaye birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor ise, ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu nedenle \u015firket, birden \u00e7ok ki\u015finin bir araya gelerek ortakl\u0131k olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 olarak da tan\u0131mlanabilir. Bir i\u015fletmenin \u015firket olarak tan\u0131mlanabilmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinin bulunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

      – Bir veya birden fazla ki\u015finin ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131<\/p>\n

      – Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi istenen m\u00fc\u015fterek bir ama\u00e7<\/p>\n

      – Ortaklar aras\u0131nda amaca ili\u015fkin bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalanmas\u0131<\/p>\n

      -Amaca ula\u015fmaya y\u00f6nelik ortaklar\u0131n servet, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve zekalar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeleri<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      <\/a>1.2. Anonim \u015eirket Kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      Anonim \u015firketler i\u015flevleri ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birikimleri bir arada toplar ve bu birikimleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara sunarlar. Bu nedenle anonim \u015firketler b\u00fcy\u00fck giri\u015fimler olu\u015fturan iktisadi birimler olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Anonim \u015firketler, belirli bir sermaye ile s\u00fcreklilik arz etmek ko\u015fuluyla ve esnaf faaliyetinden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kar elde amac\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde, belirli bir zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hayata ge\u00e7irdikleri faaliyetler sonucunda kazan\u00e7 elde etmek ve bu kazanc\u0131 hisse sahipleri aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131tmay\u0131 esas hedefi olarak belirleyen sermaye ortakl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Anonim \u015firketler; s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131, hissedarlar\u0131n taahh\u00fctte bulunduklar\u0131 sermaye nispetinde \u015firket ki\u015fili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131, t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fin sahip oldu\u011fu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve te\u015fkilat ile profesyonel bir kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle modern iktisadi d\u00fczenin ve ticari ya\u015fam\u0131n en etkili ve \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bir tanesidir. Anonim \u015firket, TTK\u2019nun 329. maddesinde \u201csermayesi belirli ve hisselere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olan, bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yaln\u0131z malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sorumlu bulunan \u015firket” <\/em>\u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Madde metninde de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, anonim \u015firketler hukuk d\u00fczeninin yasaklamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ekonomik faaliyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla kurulan, hisse sahiplerinin taahh\u00fctte bulunduklar\u0131 sermaye oran\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca \u015firket t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u015firketi meydana getiren hisseler ve sahiplerinden ayr\u0131 bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan sermaye \u015firketleridir. Anonim \u015firketler borsaya kote olsa da olmasa da, hisse sahiplerinin sermayeye katk\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcstlendi\u011fi risk ve bulundu\u011fu yat\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, hisse sahiplerinin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin en do\u011fal ve \u00f6nemli hakk\u0131, \u015firketin tasfiyesi durumu hari\u00e7 k\u00e2rdan pay almakt\u0131r. Bu sebeple de hisse sahiplerinin bu hakk\u0131 vazge\u00e7ilmez niteliktedir.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      <\/a>1.3. Anonim \u015eirketin Temel \u0130lkeleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      Anonim \u015firketler, sermaye \u015firketleri aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Sermaye \u015firketlerinde ka\u00e7 tane ortak bulundu\u011fu yahut bu ortaklar\u0131n kim oldu\u011fundan ziyade sermayeleri \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Alacakl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015firket t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi sorumluluk alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu sorumlulu\u011fun kapsam\u0131 \u015firketin t\u00fcm mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir.[6]<\/a> \u015eu kadar ki, somut durumun gerekli k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde t\u00fczel ki\u015filik perdesinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ilkesi gere\u011fince bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kendi mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sorumlu olan t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe ili\u015fkin sorumluluk alan\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi olu\u015fturan \u00fcyeler ve \u015firketi y\u00f6neten ki\u015fileri de kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Anonim \u015firket, kurumsall\u0131k ilkesini benimsemi\u015f ve iktisadi ya\u015fam\u0131n en \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlerini yerine getiren olu\u015fumlar olduklar\u0131ndan devletin ilgili kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 denetimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Anonim \u015firketlerde hakim olan temel ilkeler \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n

      \u00c7o\u011funluk \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>Anonim \u015firketlerde as\u0131l olan sermayedir. Hisse sahiplerinin say\u0131s\u0131 bir \u00f6nem arz etmemektedir. Sermaye yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc; sermayenin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu elinde bulunduran ki\u015filer \u015firkete ili\u015fkin her konuda s\u00f6z sahibidirler. Genel kurulda hakimiyet \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim kuruluna se\u00e7ilecek ki\u015fileri belirleyebilirler. Belirli bir yeter say\u0131s\u0131na eri\u015ftiklerinde esas s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi de de\u011fi\u015ftirebilirler. \u015eirkete ili\u015fkin her konuda sevk ve idareyi ellerinde bulundururlar. Bu nedenlerle anonim \u015firketlerde \u00e7o\u011funluk ilkesi en temel ilkelerden biridir.<\/p>\n

      \u00c7o\u011funluk ilkesi her ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131sa da mutlak de\u011fildir. Mevzuata g\u00f6re, \u015firket sermayesinin y\u00fczde onuna sahip olan hisse sahipleri az\u0131nl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu stat\u00fc, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu frenleyici baz\u0131 haklar i\u00e7ermektedir. Kimi durumlarda yeter say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n da kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi\u011finden \u00e7o\u011funluk tek ba\u015f\u0131na karar alamamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumlar, \u00e7o\u011funluk ilkesinin mutlak nitelikte olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Devletin Denetlemesi \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>Anonim \u015firketler ekonomik hayat\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Her \u00fclkede en \u00f6nemli sermaye \u015firketleri olarak kabul g\u00f6rmektedirler. Ekonomik hayat\u0131n ise \u00f6nemli bir akt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedirler. Baz\u0131 i\u015f ve faaliyetlerde bulunmak i\u00e7in kanunun amir h\u00fckm\u00fc \u015firket yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anonim \u015firket yap\u0131s\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Bu sebepler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde konuya bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke anonim \u015firket i\u015fleyi\u015finde kay\u0131ts\u0131z durmamaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde de anonim \u015firketlerin kurulu\u015fu, faaliyeti ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile ilgili olarak devletin kurumlar\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmay\u0131p, onlar\u0131n kurulu\u015fundan i\u015fleyi\u015fine kadar bir\u00e7ok safhas\u0131nda g\u00f6zetleyici, denetleyici ve izin verici bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn \u015firket kurulu\u015fundaki izin mekanizmas\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na verilmi\u015f iken, baz\u0131 anonim t\u00fcrlerinde ise, Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kurulu, Bankalar Denetleme Kurulu ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise Hazine ve D\u0131\u015f M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iznine ve denetimine tabi tutulmu\u015ftur.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Mal Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Sorumluluk (Tek Bor\u00e7) \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>Anonim \u015firketlerde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere ve alacakl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015firket t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi t\u00fcm mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sorumludur. Ortaklar ise yat\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 sermaye miktar\u0131 itibariyle \u015firket t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumludurlar. Bir ortak taahh\u00fctte bulundu\u011fu sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demi\u015f ise, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere ve alacakl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde sorumlulu\u011fu bulunmaz. \u015eirketin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya yetmedi\u011fi durumlarda, ortaklar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funa gidilemez, benzer \u015fekilde ortaklar \u015firkete bor\u00e7 vermek zorunda de\u011fildir. Bu durumun do\u011fal sonucu olarak alacakl\u0131lar alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 tahsil edemez ve ma\u011fdur olurlar. Mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk ilkesi, bu ve benzeri sonu\u00e7larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmamak ad\u0131na anonim \u015firketin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n muhafazas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak baz\u0131 \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilir. Bu \u00f6nlemlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir;<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Kurulu\u015f i\u00e7in gereken en az sermaye ko\u015fulu<\/li>\n
      2. Ortaklar\u0131n sermaye taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedik\u00e7e \u015firketten bor\u00e7 alamamas\u0131<\/li>\n
      3. Ayni sermayenin bilirki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan tespiti<\/li>\n
      4. K\u00e2r pay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00e2r elde etme ko\u015fuluna ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131<\/li>\n
      5. Bilan\u00e7o tablosunda yer almayan de\u011ferlerin ve varl\u0131klar\u0131n sermayeye eklenememesi<\/li>\n
      6. Hamiline yaz\u0131l\u0131 hisse senetlerinin ederi \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e arz edilememesi<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Kurumsal Y\u00f6netim \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>Anonim \u015firketin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en do\u011fru \u015fekilde sevk ve idaresini ama\u00e7layan, uzman kadrolar ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren ilkedir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

        E\u015fit \u0130\u015flem \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>TTK\u2019da “pay sahipleri e\u015fit \u015fartlarda e\u015fit i\u015fleme tabi tutulur.”<\/em> ifadesi ile net bir \u015fekilde bu ilkeye yer verilmi\u015ftir. Yasan\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde, bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n yerle\u015fmi\u015f i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6ren Avrupa Birli\u011fi Konseyinin ticaret \u015firketlerine dair, sermaye konulu 77\/91 Say\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6nergesinde yer alan uluslararas\u0131 nitelikte e\u015fit i\u015flem ilkesinin yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve olarak belirlendi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Hisse Sahiplerinin \u015eirkete Bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>TTK y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmeden evvel de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 358. maddesinde; kat\u0131l\u0131m taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011furdu\u011fu bor\u00e7 haricinde, ortaklar \u015firkete hi\u00e7bir ko\u015fulda bor\u00e7lanamaz h\u00fckm\u00fc bulunmaktayd\u0131. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki maddeye g\u00f6re ise “hisse sahipleri, sermaye taahh\u00fcd\u00fcnden do\u011fan vadesi gelmi\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6demedik\u00e7e ve \u015firketin serbest yedek ak\u00e7elerle birlikte kar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131l zararlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak d\u00fczeyde olmad\u0131k\u00e7a \u015firkete bor\u00e7lanamaz.”<\/em> Kanun metninin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde ifade etti\u011fi \u00fczere, hisse sahiplerinin \u015firkete bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup ancak belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilecektir. Bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn amac\u0131, \u015firketin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve saydaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte alacakl\u0131lar ve\u00a0 di\u011fer sahiplerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 da korunmaktad\u0131r.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Serbest Hisse Devri \u0130lkesi: <\/strong>Ticaret \u015firketlerinin hi\u00e7birinde, orta\u011f\u0131n \u015firketten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 yahut \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Fakat ortaklar, sahip olduklar\u0131 hisse senetlerini ba\u015fkas\u0131na devrederek, \u015firketle ili\u015fiklerini kesebilirler. Ortaklar\u0131n bu konuda diledi\u011fi gibi tasarrufta bulunabilmesi “serbest hisse devri ilkesi”nin bir sonucudur.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        <\/a>1.4. Anonim \u015eirketlerin Tarihi Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Anonim \u015firketlerin toplumsal ve iktisadi ya\u015fam i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli i\u015flevleri mevcuttur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birikimlerin bir araya getirilerek yat\u0131r\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan sosyal adalete katk\u0131da bulunulmaktad\u0131r. Bu katk\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in, anonim \u015firket hisselerinin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle \u00e7ok ortakl\u0131 ve borsaya kote olmu\u015f anonim \u015firketlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. 1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda hukuk d\u00fczeni, anonim \u015firketleri; karar organ\u0131 olarak genel kurul, y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131 olarak y\u00f6netim kurulu ve\u00a0 y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye dair karar organ\u0131n\u0131 bilgilendirecek denet\u00e7iler kurulu \u015feklinde \u00fc\u00e7 organdan olu\u015fan, belirli bir mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip ki\u015fi toplulu\u011fu \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bununla birlikte, \u015firketler \u00fczerindeki kamu d\u00fczeni denetlemesi esas\u0131 terk edilerek ki\u015fisel haklar ve az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, genel kurul kararlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7abilme olana\u011f\u0131 ve baz\u0131 sorumluluklar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve bu haklar \u015firket alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve ortaklar\u0131n menfaatlerini korumaya yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu d\u00fczenlemede b\u00fct\u00fcn hisse sahiplerinin genel kurula i\u015ftirak edece\u011fi ve karar verirken bilin\u00e7li hareket edecekleri varsay\u0131m\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak uygulamada hisse sahipleri, \u015firket y\u00f6netimiyle ilgilenmeyerek yaln\u0131zca itimat ettikleri y\u00f6neticilere ve kimi zaman yaln\u0131zca \u015firketin ad\u0131na g\u00f6re yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. “Ortak ve ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gayesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma” <\/em>d\u00fcsturundan sap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00fczenleme bahsi ge\u00e7en yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 koruyabilecek nitelikte de de\u011fildi. Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kanunlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bunun gibi istenmeyen neticelerin \u00f6nlenmesi ve borsaya kote olmu\u015f \u015firketlerin istikrar ve g\u00fcven i\u00e7erisinde faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini sa\u011flayacak yeni d\u00fczenlemeler getirilmi\u015ftir.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

        T\u00fcrkiye’de ise, bu konudaki d\u00fczenleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde halen sermaye piyasas\u0131 bulunmamaktayd\u0131 ve sermaye piyasas\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7e\u015fitli tedbirler al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131. Bu do\u011frultuda, \u015firket t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda yeni olan halka a\u00e7\u0131k anonim \u015firketler konusunda d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve anonim \u015firketlerin hisse senetlerine yat\u0131r\u0131mda bulunmay\u0131 te\u015fvik edecek \u00f6nlemler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halka a\u00e7\u0131k anonim \u015firketlerin tan\u0131m\u0131, mevzuatta ilk olarak 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan “Sermaye Piyasas\u0131n\u0131n Tanzimi ve Te\u015fviki Hakk\u0131nda Kanun Tasar\u0131s\u0131” <\/em>i\u00e7erisinde 2. maddede kendisine yer bulmu\u015ftur: “Bu Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re kurularak hisse senetlerini halk\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde sat\u0131\u015fa arz eden anonim ortakl\u0131klar ile T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re kurulmu\u015f olup da hisse senetlerini ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde halka arz ederek bu Kanundaki \u015fartlar\u0131 yerine getiren anonim ortakl\u0131klard\u0131r.”<\/em> Meclis komisyonunda \u00fczerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131larak Genel Kurul’a sunulan tasar\u0131n\u0131n 9. maddesinde ise, “Halk\u0131 ortak yapmak maksat ve niyetiyle \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu hisse senetlerinin halka arz\u0131 i\u00e7in Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Denetleme Komisyonundan izin alm\u0131\u015f ortakl\u0131klar”<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 9. maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise, 50’den \u00e7ok orta\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011fu belirlenen anonim \u015firketler de halka a\u00e7\u0131k olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci Tasar\u0131 \u00fczerinde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131larak son halini alan 2499 say\u0131l\u0131 28.07.1981 tarihli Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu ise “halka a\u00e7\u0131k anonim \u015firket”<\/em> ifadesini i\u00e7ermemektedir. Bunun yerine, “menkul k\u0131ymetleri halka arz olunan anonim \u015firket” v<\/em>e “hisse senetleri halka arz olunan anonim \u015firket” <\/em>ifadeleri yer alm\u0131\u015f fakat bu ifadelere ili\u015fkin tan\u0131m da yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nda “halka a\u00e7\u0131k anonim \u015firket” <\/em>kavram\u0131, 3794 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ile 29.04.1992 tarihinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sonucu yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile 2499 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 “\u0130hra\u00e7\u00e7\u0131lara ve Halka A\u00e7\u0131k Anonim Ortakl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin H\u00fck\u00fcmler”<\/em> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Anonim \u015firket olarak kabul edilebilecek ilk \u00f6rneklere 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda’da deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticaret yapan baz\u0131 \u015firketler g\u00f6sterilebilir. S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sorumluluk ilkesinin hakim oldu\u011fu bu \u015firket \u00e7e\u015fidi, \u0130ngiltere’de hukuki dayana\u011fa 1800’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nceleri devletten izin alma esas\u0131 ge\u00e7erli iken ard\u0131ndan ruhsat ya da onay alma sistemine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Fransa’da da 18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda izin sistemi ge\u00e7erliyken; 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasa ile serbest kurulu\u015f esas\u0131 benimsenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye’de ise anonim \u015firketler Tanzimat Ferman\u0131ndan sonra\u00a0 hukuk d\u00fczeni i\u00e7erisinde yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Frans\u0131z Kanunundan iktibas edilen, 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Kanunname-i Ticaret, anonim \u015firkete ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermekteydi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u00f6neminde kurulan anonim \u015firketlerin idarecileri \u00e7o\u011funluklar yabanc\u0131 uyruklu ki\u015filerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra birtak\u0131m \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle 1923 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresinde, anonim \u015firketlerin kurulu\u015f ve i\u015fleyi\u015finin denetlenmesi gereklili\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00f6neriler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Ticaret Kanunu’nun 269-474. maddeleri aras\u0131nda anonim \u015firketler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu ile konuya dair h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi i\u015fletmeleri, sigorta \u015firketleri, ihracat ve ithalat \u015firketleri ve bankalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu anonim \u015firket olarak kurulmu\u015ftur.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        <\/a>1.5. Anonim \u015eirketlerin S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        Anonim \u015firketler bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131dan s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131labilir. Ayr\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131rken, ortak say\u0131s\u0131, nitelikleri ve kurulu\u015f \u015fekilleri baz al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Kurulu\u015f \u015fekline g\u00f6re;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n